法律英语中句式和短语在法律文本翻译时的应用提炼

法律英语中句式和短语在法律文本翻译时的应用提炼

由于这些句式和短语在法律文本中频繁出现，为日后方便，我们把它们在不同上下文中使用方法提炼出来，供大家记忆使用。

I．OTHERWISE：
定义：
英文：under other circumstances; in another manner; differently; in other aspects
中文：以其它形式；在其它情况下；其它方面；其它方式

可组成的英文句型结构：unless (subject) otherwise (predicate)
可套用的中文句型结构： ‘除……另有……外’

句子成分：方式状语

放置位置：
（1）、主动语态：主语和谓语之间
（2）、被动语态：助动词和主动词之间

例句：
本条例中，除文意另有所指，‘国家指拥有本身国籍法的一领域或一组领域。
In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, ‘state’ means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality.

根据第（1）款发出的通知书，除其中另有约定外，同样适用于通知书内所指明的财产的收入。
A notice under subsection (1) shall, unless it otherwise provides, apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself.

除非成文法另有规定，监禁刑期无论如何不得超过下表所列的最长刑期。
Unless in any enactment it is otherwise provided, the imprisonment shall not exceed in any case the maximum fixed by the following scale.

该词也常与or 连用时，词义为‘以其它方式’，担任的句子成分仍然是方式状语，修饰谓语动词，例如：

如有两名或以上的人以合伙人或其它身份而属同一宗权力申索案中的被告人，法律程序文件可送达其中任何一人。
If two or more persons are defendants to a claim, as partners or otherwise, a process may be served on any of them.

任何人以恐吓、怂恿或以其它手段诱使证人或一方当事人不在仲裁委员会听证中作证，即属犯罪。
Any person who by threats, persuasion or otherwise induces a witness or a party not to give evidence in any hearing before the Board commits an offence.

任何人不经本部同意而将根据第（1）款所发通知中指明的任何财产处置或以其它方式处理，或任何银行或吸储公司不经本部同意而将款项支付给他人，即属犯罪。
A person who disposes of or otherwise deals with any property specified in a notice under subsection (1) or a bank or deposit-taking company which pays any money to a person other than in accordance with the consent of this Department shall be guilty of an offense.

除上述情形外，otherwise 还常与than搭配组成另外一种英语句型，含义与 ‘unless’ 同，一般在否定句中使用，担任方式状语，修饰所在句子中的谓语动词，翻译汉语中的‘不以……方式，’‘除以……方式外’以及‘除非’等句型时套用，例如：

除以下列方式外，任何遗嘱的全部或任何部分，均不得撤销——
7. No will or any part thereof shall be revoked otherwise than ____
ü X
ü X
ü X

因otherwise than 仍然是一个表示方式的状语，因此上述省略的各项应以方式状语的形式列出。

遗嘱的全部或任何部分，无论以任何方式撤销后，除非按规定重新订立，不能恢复效力。No will or any part thereof, which is in any manner revoked, shall be revived otherwise than by its re-execution in accordance with law.

在法律英语中，other than 也可以用来表示‘除……外’的意思，但与otherwise than 不同的是，它可以作为形容词修饰名词，而otherwise than只能作为副词修饰动词，例如：

除第3条所定罪行外，任何人犯下本部所定罪行，可以公诉程序或简易程序裁定。
Any person guilty of an offence under this Part, other than an offense under section 3, shall be liable on conviction on indictment or on summary conviction.


II．SUBJECT TO：

可套用的中文句型结构： 根据……规定；在……条件下；在不抵触……的情况下；
除……另有规定外；以……为条件, 受……的支配； 须经；

句子成分：形容词短语组成的条件状语

放置位置：句首

后续词性：名词(一般都是agreement, section, contract等法律文件名或其中的条款

例如：
根据本节规定，上诉须按第5条规定的方式提出。
Subject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in a manner as provided for in Clause 5.

除第（3）款另有规定外，本庭具有查询、聆讯及裁决附表内所示权力主张的司法管辖权。
Subject to subsection (3), the court shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear, and determine the claims specified in the Schedule.

在不抵触第（2）及第（3）款的条文下，刑期可以减半。
Subject to the provisions of subsection (2) and (3), the term of imprisonment may be reduced by half.

辨异：
1、Subject to 的基本含义是‘受……的制约’。汉语中为了表达多样化，常常使用不同的表述形式，但万变不离其宗。我们前面提到的几种中文含义，都可以翻译成subject to这个常用法律短语。
2、当表达‘除……另有规定外’这一中文含义时，subject to 后面直接用所指法律文件的名称，无需将‘规定’二字翻译出来；而使用otherwise时，必须以从句的方式。

III．Without prejudice to
这是一个英语法律中常用的短语，含否定意义，与汉语法律文本中的‘在不……的……下’，‘……不受影响’，‘不妨碍（影响）……的情况下’等表达方式对等。例如：

在不影响本条规定的原则下，以下合同须视为正式签立。
Without prejudice to this clause, the following contract shall be treated as properly executed.

在不损害贵公司权力的原则下，本公司特授权贵公司或贵公司代理采取包括但不限于下列的任何行动。
Without prejudice to your powers, we hereby authorize you or your agents to take any actions including but not limited to the following:

在不妨碍国家行使监督权的情况下，各教区应按各自的教义进行宗教布教。
Without prejudice to the state’s right of supervision, religious instruction shall be given in accordance with the tenets of the religious community concerned.

该集团雇佣的职员应安排在将其取而代之的私人企业中，他们的法律地位及其雇主的责任不受影响。
The staff employed by the group shall be given positions in the private enterprises that succeed to it, without prejudice to their legal status or the responsibility of their employer.

注意：这个词组中的to 为介词，后面跟名词，大多包括权力、义务、责任、规定、条文等内容。

IV. WHERE
在普通英语中，用where引导的状语从句，一般为地点状语从句，但在法律英语中，where引导的是法律条款中的条件状语从句，相当于in the case where，在中文法律文本中出现‘凡’、‘如’、 ‘…的’ 表示的条件状语时，英语译文用where开头的条件状语从句。例如：

凡雇员获准休息任何一段时间的年假，雇主必须于该段时间后的最后一个发薪日付给该雇员该段时间的年假薪酬。

Where an employee is allowed to take an annual leave for a certain period of time, the employer shall pay the employee annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is paid his wages after that period.

凡被告人被判处罚款而不随即缴付罚款，法官了命令对该被告进行搜查。
Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid, the judge may order the defendant to be searched.

凡支出的效益仅与本会计年度相关的，应当作为收益性支出；凡支出的效益与几个会计年度相关的，应当作为资本性支出。
Expenditure shall be regarded as revenue expenditure where the benefits to the enterprise are only related to the current fiscal year; and as capital expenditure where the benefits to the enterprise last for several fiscal years.

凡因进行基本建设和生产建设需要的考古调查、勘探、发掘，所需费用由建设单位列入建设工程预算。
Where archaeological investigation, prospecting, or excavation have to be carried out for the purpose of capital construction or production-oriented construction, the expenses needed shall be included in the project budget of the construction unit.
o
如确有必要变更，应当将变更的情况、变更的原因及其对企业财务状况和经营成果的影响，在财务报告中说明。
Where changes are absolutely necessary，the changes and reasons therefor and their impact on an enterprise's financial position and operating results shall be indicated in the financial statements.

企业对外投资如占被投资企业资本总额半数以上，或者实质上拥有被投资企业控制权的，应当编制合并会计报表。
Consolidated financial statements shall be prepared by the enterprise, where it owns 50% or more of the total capital of the enterprise it has invested therein or owns the right of control over the invested enterprise.

比较：
如符合有关规定，也可采用加速折旧法。
If conforming to relevant regulations, accelerated depreciation method may be adopted.

如有未弥补亏损，应作为所有者权益的减项反映。
Deficit not yet made up, if any, shall be shown as a deduction item of owners' equity.

如城乡建设规划，各级人民政府应当根据文物保护的需要，事先由城乡建设规划部门会同文物行政部门商定对本行政区域内各级文物保护单位的保护措施，并纳入规划。
When drawing up plans for urban and rural construction, the people’s governments at various levels shall, on the basis of the requirements for the protection of cultural relics, see to it that protective measures for the historical and cultural sites protected at different levels within their own administrative areas are first formulated through consultation between the departments for urban and rural construction planning and the administrative departments for cultural relics, and include such measures in their plans.

辨异：
在法律英语中，where, when, if 都可以用来表达汉语法律条文中‘如’或‘如果’引导的条件，但他们之间存在以下区别：
where引导的条件状语从句正式程度高，法律文本特征显著
if 和when引导的条件状语从句正式程度低，而且还常常带有时间概念在内。

我们再看下面的句子：
发明专利申请人自申请日起满两年尚未被授予专利的，自第三年度起每年缴纳申请维持费。
Where the applicant for a patent for invention has not been granted a patent right within two years from the date of filing, it or he shall pay a fee for the maintenance of the application from the third year.

在文物保护单位的保护范围内或者建设控制地带内建设污染文物保护单位及其环境的设施的，或者对已有的污染文物保护单位及其环境的设施未在规定的期限内完成治理的，由环境保护行政部门依照有关法律、法规的规定给予处罚。

Where a unit puts up, within the area of protection for a site under protection for its historical and cultural value or the area for the control of construction, facilities that pollute the site and its environment, or fails to bring under control, within the specified time limit, the existing facilities that pollute the site and its environment, it shall be imposed a punishment by the administrative department for environmental protection in accordance with the provisions of the relevant laws and administrative rules and regulations.

核定为文物保护单位的属于国家所有的纪念建筑物或者古建筑，除可以建立博物馆、保管所或者辟为参观游览场所外，如果必须作其他用途的，应当经核定公布该文物保护单位的人民政府文物行政部门征得上一级文物行政部门同意后，报核定公布该文物保护单位的人民政府批准；全国重点文物保护单位作其他用途的，应当由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府报国务院批准。国有未核定为文物保护单位的不可移动文物作其他用途的，应当报告县级人民政府文物行政部门。
Where it is necessary to use a memorial building or an ancient architectural structure owned by the State at a place verified as a site protected for its historical and cultural value for purposes other than the establishment of a museum, a cultural relics preservation institute or a tourist site, the administrative department for cultural relics under the people’s government that has originally verified and announced it as such a site shall first ask consent of the administrative department for cultural relics at the next higher level and then submit a report to the said people’s government for approval; and where a major site protected for its historical and cultural value at the national level is to be used for other purposes, the people’s government of the relevant province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government shall submit a report to the State Council for approval. Where the State-owned immovable cultural relics of a site not verified as ‘one protected for its historical and cultural value are to be used for other purposes, the matter shall be reported to the administrative department for cultural relics under the peoples government at the county level.

比较：
放火、决堤、爆炸。。。的，处10年以上有期徒刑。
Whoever sets fire, breaches dikes, causes explosions …..shall be sentenced to no less than 10 years of fixed-term imprisonment.


以暴力、胁迫或者其它手段强奸妇女的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。
Whoever, by violence, coercion or otherwise rapes a woman is to be sentenced to no less than three years and no more than 10 years of fixed-term imprisonment.

这是我国刑法英译本中的个案，严格来讲有点不论不类。根据英语为母语的国家法律，凡表示‘。。。的’这一概念，绝大多数都使用where 引导的条件状语从句。如果要表达我国刑法中的许多类似上述例子的概念，特别是‘任何人做什么都必须’，‘任何人都不得’这两类最普遍的法律句式时，一般都使用any person (a person, a party, persons, parties, every person, every party, all persons, all parties, etc) who does (is) …shall …这一标准法律句型，基本不用我国刑法译本中的whoever 这种句型。例如：

Any person who, on grounds of conscience, refuses to render military service involving the use of arms may be required to perform alternative service.

Any person who has attained the age of eighteen shall be entitled to vote; any person who has attained the age of majority may be elected.

Any person provisionally detained on suspicion of having committed a criminal offense shall be brought before a judge no later than the day following his arrest; the judge shall inform him of the reasons for the arrest, examine him, and give him an opportunity to raise objections.

No state which is a signatory member to this treaty shall withdraw without unanimous consent from other signatory members.

No person who is guilty of an offense shall get unpunished.

All parties who have signed this contract shall abide by it.

V. For the purpose(s) of; for; in order to
当我们英译中文法律文本中的‘为了……’，‘为了……的目的’，‘以……为目的’， 或‘为……目的’等短语时，常常会满怀信心地使用for the purpose of 或者for the purposes of 这个英语短语。 在现有的许多中国法律的英译本中，也经常使用这一表达方式。例如：

有下了情形之一， 以非法占有为目的，在签订、履行合同过程中，骗取对方当事人财物，数额较大的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处罚金。
Whoever, for the purpose of illegal possession, uses one of the following means during signing or executing a contract to obtain property and goods of the opposite party by fraud, and when the amount of money is relatively large, is to be sentenced to not more than three years of fixed-term imprisonment, criminal detention, and may in addition or exclusively be sentenced to a fine.


而实际上，在原文为英语的法律文本中，使用这一短语表达汉语中‘为了……目的’这个概念的情形基本不存在，这是因为母语为英语的法律人士，通常并不会把这个短语理解为‘为了……目的’。例如：
For the purpose of the Landlord and the Tenant Ordinance and for the purpose of these presents, the rent in respect of the said premises shall be deemed to be in arrear if not paid in advance as stipulated by Clause 1 hereof.
基于租务条例并基于这些通知……


For the purpose of Section 37, the Department General may, either by notice in writing served by registered post or by notice in the Gazette, require any employer or class of employers to send to him or her all or any records of sickness days in respect of any period not exceeding two years preceding the date of the notice.
为施行第37条……

For the purposes of this Clause, permission shall be in writing.
就本条而言，许可须为书面形式。

For the purpose of this Law, ‘invention-creation’ means inventions, utility models and designs.

我们从上述这些例句中可以看出，在法律英语中，for the purpose(s) of这个短语的真正含义是‘就……而言’或‘为施行……条款’或‘为……条款的实施’，而不是汉语法律中‘为了……目的’这个概念的对应。真正可以表达这个汉语概念的对应英语短语是in order to或for, 例如：

为了保护发明创造专利权，鼓励发明创造，有利于发明创造的推广应用，……，特制定本法。
This Law is hereby formulated in order to protect patent rights for invention-creations, encourage invention-creations, facilitate their popularization and application……

VI. Provided that
这是法律英语中常用的一个古旧表达形式，用以表达汉语法律中的‘倘若’，‘如果’，‘但’等意义。 如置于居首，其含义为‘如’或‘如果’；置于一个主句之后，即使是另起一段，其含义是‘但’或‘但是’，与前句陈述相反。例如：

香港特别行政区立法会由在外国无居留权的香港特别行政区永久性居民中的中国公民组成。非中国籍的香港特别行政区永久性居民和在外国有居留权的香港特别行政区永久性居民也可以当选为香港特别行政区立法会议员，但其所占比例不得超过立法会全体议员的百分之二十。

The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be composed of Chinese citizens who are permanent residents of the Region with no right of abode in any foreign country. However, permanent residents of the Region who are not of Chinese nationality or who have the right of abode in foreign countries may also be elected members of the Legislative Council of the Region, provided that the proportion of such members does not exceed 20 percent of the total membership of the Council.
来源于：www.sinosenior.com
在香港原有法律下有效的文件、证件、契约和权利义务，在不抵触本法的前提下继续有效，（但）受香港特别行政区的承认和保护。
Documents, certificates, contracts, and rights and obligations valid under the laws previously in force in Hong Kong shall continue to be valid and be recognized and protected by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, provided that they do not contravene this Law

除第17B 条另有规定外，根据本条例向本部提交的旅行证件可……：
但在本部就该项申请向提交旅行证件的人给与合理通知之前，法官不得聆讯根据本款提出的申请。
Subject to Subsection 17B, a travel document which is surrendered to this Department under this section may……:
Provided that a judge shall not hear an application under this subsection unless reasonable notice of the application has been given by this Department to the person who has surrendered the document.

在法律文本英译中，与 ‘如果’对应的英语表达法可以是provided that, 也可以是if，但法律专业人士一般更倾向使用前者，而不愿意使用后者这类常人使用的‘小词’；同样，‘但’引导的转折条件状语从句也不用’but’这个小词，而是用provided that这个古旧表达方式。

VII. notwithstanding; in respect of;
汉语法律条文中用‘尽管’和‘即使’引导的让步状语短语，英译时用notwithstanding 这个普通英语中极为罕见的古旧词。例如：
即使任何法律或惯例有相反规定，在因第II部所定罪行而进行的法律程序中，法庭可就被控告人不宣誓提供证据一事加以评论。
Notwithstanding any law or practice to the contrary, it shall be lawful for the court in any proceedings for an offence under Part II to comment on the failure of the accused to give evidence on oath.

值得大家注意的是，notwithstanding不引导任何代主谓结构的从句，总是与法律名称或条款一起使用。

汉语法律条文中表示一种与某个名词从属关系的‘有关……的’或‘对于……’，英译时使用in respect of 这个正式程度较高的短语而不用regarding, relating, in connection 等这些正式程度较低的短语，例如：

对于就受许可商标提起或拟将提起的诉讼或索赔，应许可方要求并由许可方支付费用，被许可方应给与许可方充分合作，包括作为当事人参与任何诉讼。
The Licensee shall, at the request of the Licensor and at the Licensor’s expense, give full cooperation to the Licensor in any action or claim brought or threatened to be brought in respect of the licensed trademarks, including joining in as a party to any proceedings.

基于租务条例并基于这些通知, 有关该楼宇的租金，如果未按照合约第一条所规定的那样提前缴付，即被视为拖欠。
For the purpose of the Landlord and the Tenant Ordinance and for the purpose of these presents, the rent in respect of the said premises shall be deemed to be in arrear if not paid in advance as stipulated by Clause 1 hereof.


为。。。根据。。。特制定本法（本条例）
This Law (These Regulations) is (are) formulated in accordance with … for the purposes of …


本法（本条例）中下列用语的含义：
The meanings of the following terms used in this Law (Regulations) are:


。。。的，由。。。
Where …, the … shall…
例如：
未经许可提供电子认证服务的，由国务院信息产业主管部门责令其停止违法行为。
Where a person provides electronic verification services without permission, the department in charge of the information industry under the State Council shall order this person to desist from the illegal act.


。。。是指。。。；本法所称。。。是指。。。
The … means …; The term “…” mentioned in this Law refers to …

。。。适用本法。(本法适用于。。。）
This Law shall be applicable to …
例如：
外国投资者在大陆地区设立独资、合资、合作企业，适用本法。
This Law shall be applicable to establishment of solely foreign-owned and/or Sino-foreign equity and/or contractual venture(s) on the Chinese mainland.


。。。应当载明下列事项：
,,, shall specify the following items:


。。。构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
If the offense constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be pursued according to law.


有下列行为之一的，依法追究刑事责任。
Whoever commits any of the following acts shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.


违反本条例规定， 。。。的，责令其。。。，并处以。。。以上。。。以下罚款。
Any entity that, in violation of the provisions of these Regulations, shall be ordered to …and shall, in addition, be fined not less than…but not more than …


。。。另有规定的，适用其规定。
Where laws concerning... provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail.


报。。。备案。
…shall be reported to …for the record.


。。。同时废止。
… shall be repealed simultaneously.


本法自。。。起施行。
This Law shall go into effect as of …


本合同用中文和英文写成，两种文字具有同等效力。上述两种文本如有不符，以中文文本为准。
This Contract shall be written in Chinese version and in English version. Both languages are equally authentic. In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.


本协议一式两份，甲乙双方各持一份。
This Agreement is made in duplicate (triplicate). Party A and Party B shall each keep one original.

2019年2月12日

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